In most ecosystems, the sun is the source of energy that producers use to create energy. But in a few rare cases—such as ecosystems found in rocks deep beneath the ground—bacterial producers ...

Peter Yodzis, Energy Flow and the Vertical Structure of Real Ecosystems, Oecologia, Vol. 65, No. 1 (1984), pp. 86-88 ...

We might think of flow webs as a type of food web that combines the quantitative aspects of trophic-level energy flow with the species-level detail often observed in connectivity webs (e.g., Closs ...

Photosynthetically fixed energy ultimately supports the great diversity of species that inhabit the world's ecosystems. Globally, natural terrestrial ecosystems fixed about $2800\cdot 10^{18}$ joules ...