When building an atom, pay close attention to the particles' electrical charges. Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1. Neutrons are neutral, as its name implies. A stable ...

HHG is highly selective to the binding energy of each molecular state, therefore making the valence and excited electrons more 'visible' than the inner shell electrons. Perhaps more importantly ...

When the electron beam interacts with the atoms in the sample, it excites electrons in the inner shells, causing them to be ejected. As electrons from higher energy levels fill these vacancies, they ...