Occasionally one may hear that a data model is “over-normalized,” but just what does that mean? Normalization is intended to analyze the functional dependencies across a set of data. The goal is to ...

In recent months, the AI industry has started moving toward so-called simulated reasoning models that use a “chain of thought” process to work through tricky problems in multiple logical steps. At the ...

Logical Systems and Model Theory constitute a foundational area bridging mathematics, computer science and philosophy through the formalisation of reasoning. By abstracting the essential components of ...