By reducing the acidity of surrounding waters, seagrass ecosystems help protect animals with shells or external skeletons. In the sunlit surface layer of oceans Like land plants and seagrasses ...

In most ecosystems, sunlight is absorbed and converted ... different primary producers (marine phytoplankton and land plants). The oceans cover a much larger area than the land, so per area ...

"This is being planned on some of the least resilient ecosystems on the planet," says Douglas McCauley, professor of ocean science at the University of California Santa Barbara. "It would have ...

Deep beneath the ocean’s surface ... These bacteria are the foundation of the vent ecosystem, much like plants are on land. They form mats on rocks and live inside the tissues of animals ...

Plant debris is less recalcitrant, resulting in a much shorter residence time in soil. Other ecosystem processes ... GT (Oelkers & Cole 2008). Only the ocean has a larger carbon pool, at about ...