The movement of protons through ATP synthase is the driving force behind the synthesis of ATP, the energy currency of the ...

Energy transduction underpins fundamental cellular processes, converting chemical energy stored in gradients into the mechanical and chemical work essential for life. Central to this conversion is the ...

The inner mitochondrial membrane must be intact for oxidative phosphorylation to function properly. If the membrane is damaged or becomes leaky, protons can flow back into the matrix without passing ...

The cell’s everyday energy needs are satisfied by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from mitochondria. But in extraordinary circumstances, alternative sources of ATP are available. For example, ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Decreasing relative water content (RWC) of leaves progressively decreases stomatal conductance (gs), slowing CO₂ assimilation (A) which ...