Bifurcation theory in discrete dynamical systems provides a rigorous framework for analysing qualitative changes in system behaviour as parameters vary. In these systems, subtle modifications of ...

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and difference equations serve as complementary tools in the mathematical modelling of processes evolving in continuous and discrete time respectively. Together ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...