Most modern variable valve-timing (VVT) systems use a cam phaser that rotates the position of each camshaft relative to the timing chain. Think of making a record turntable go faster or slower by ...
ABSTRACT This work examines the effect of valve timing during cold crank-start and cold fast-idle (1200 rpm, 2 bar NIMEP) on the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate mass and number (PM/PN).
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